The tax records from Fayette County Georgia for the years 1833-1851 are in rough shape. The years 1839 and 1840 seem to be bound in the December 13, 1836 edition of the Southern Reporter, published in Milledgville. And tucked into the back of the 1840 tax records, this poem appears in a hand different than William Sparkman, the tax assessor. [Spelling preserved from the original.]
Our Taxes increase so Evry Year We Surely cannot pay For we are getting in debt tis clear And have to move away Unless we get our Martin Van To rule our nation right He will do justice to every man And Keep his ends in sight
That good Old William Henry H. Who fought at Tippacanoe Will Beat our Van in Spite of fate & inspite of all we can doe But God will not suffer man to fall Who lives by his hard labour But at the Judgement day h__ call For our Whig friends & Neighbours A[nd] Say depart ye – – I know you not T. Slick
Section of poem found in tax book for the year 1840 in Fayette County, Georgia.
This little treasure scribbled onto a page in the back of a tax book provides a glimpse into the feelings of the citizens of Georgia in 1840. Take a look for yourself, the tax records are available online at FamilySearch.
When I was a new family historian, I made a mistake on my Ancestry tree. My 2x-great grandmother was a woman named Mattie, who married my 2x great-grandfather, Andrew Jackson Pike. I knew she later married William T. Adams. My mother knew and had heard about her great-grandfather, Malcolm Argul Pike and knew he had a step-father and half-siblings. Records for Mattie indicated her maiden name was Childress or Childers. The informants on these records would have been her grandson (on Malcolm’s death certificate) or her son Claude Adams (on his Social Security Application). When searching for the marriage of Mattie to A.J. Pike, I found the following record in Tipton County, Tennessee, the birthplace of Malcom Pike.
Marriage License for A.J. Pike and Mattie Fisher, 1878
I was thrilled to have this record because maiden names are typically used in marriage records, and she was almost certainly the informant on her own marriage certificate, so I believed her maiden name was actually Fisher. I added the record to my Ancestry tree and gave her the birth surname of Fisher. I could not find a Mattie Fisher prior to her marriage who fit Mattie’s calculated death date or possible birth states. That should have been a clue.
Less than a year later, when I learned more about thoroughly exhaustive research and how to resolve conflicting evidence, I realized I had never looked for a marriage of Mattie prior to her marriage to A.J. Pike. And that’s when I found this, also in Tipton County:
Marriage license of James Fisher to Mattie Childres in 1877.
I reviewed the timelines of the likely first marriage of Mattie to James Fisher with the marriage to A.J. Pike (they were 9 months apart) and searched for a death record for James. To date, none has been found. To rule out a marriage prior to Mattie before James Fisher, I looked for a married Mattie Childres in the years she would have been old enough to marry and found none. I looked for Mattie Childres in different Childress families in the south and created a long list that I am still working through. I turned up additional conflicting evidence. Another son of Mattie, Ben Adams, said her maiden name was Pike when he applied for a Social Security Card. I looked of birth records for her children (none, they weren’t required in Tennessee at that time and no delayed records have been located). I haven’t been able to find her daughter Luella (Adams) Moss after 1910 or her son Wallace Adams after 1900. I did start to find DNA matches that linked her to the Childres surname and some possible families for her prior to her first marriage, and some matches that fit as descendants of Mattie with no evidence of her in their trees. (It’s possible they descend from Luella. As of this time, none of the Adams men were known to have had families, but that can’t be ruled out.) Mattie became (and still is) my most recent brick wall.
It was appalling to learn how quickly the misinformation I had posted on my Ancestry tree spread. After I discovered my error, I wrote to 14 people on Ancestry who had copied my erroneous information. Only one responded and she was grateful. See below.
Message in Ancestry Messaging System thanking me for letting them know about the correction
At the current time, there are 17 trees on Ancestry that have Mattie with the maiden name of Fisher in their trees. It’s humbling to know that the information is there because of my lack of good research standards.
What do I do to avoid spreading misinformation now?
Follow genealogy standards while doing my research. Reasonably exhaustive research and resolution of conflicting information would have prevented this.
Avoid sharing information publicly before I am more certain. The difficulty with that approach is that certainty is highly variable when researching mysterious people like Mattie!
Share my information on WikiTree. WikiTree acknowledges that profiles are works-in-progress and allows for a more nuanced presentation of information. When I create WikiTree profiles I can use language to describe how sure I am of the research. I can say her maiden name is “likely” Childres or “almost certainly” Childres when I am more sure. I can write a proof argument and attach a PDF to her WikiTree profile if I want to. (See this WikiTree page for my ongoing efforts to disambiguate three men named James Stoker in Kentucky.) I’m still bothered by the stricken out Smith on one of Mattie’s records. Was that just a clerical copying error? Or did Mattie mention the name Smith when she was applying for a marriage license with A.J. Pike? I do have a cluster of Smiths in the Childres genetic network…
Keep Ancestry trees private. Unfortunately this does not prevent Ancestry from using the information in a ThruLines hint. And ThruLines sadly tells me that Mattie’s father is someone named J.E. Fisher born in 1820. The error continues to compound!
Name my Ancestry tree as a “Working Tree” to let people know it is a work-in-progress. All genealogy is a work-in-progress, but it’s hard to make that clear when trees can be so freely copied without analysis.
And I remember when I am looking at other people’s trees that I need to verify the information myself. And be kind when there are mistakes. After all, I’ve made them, too.
Have you ever had a family treasure almost drop into your lap? Recently it happened to me. And it happened to me because I make sure my name and my family tree are publicly accessible. This is the story of how an 1811 Barnett family Bible came into my possession. It’s also a guide to how you can make yourself findable or find people without paying for a membership at any website. But first, some historical notes about research and sharing genealogy from my experience.
From the late 1970s to the late 1990s, I worked on my family history, saving what I learned in file folders and then Reunion (a software program for Mac users where I diligently associated facts with sources). My family history information was held privately and exchanges of information happened through exchanging letters and photocopies with cousins I met through other cousins. When the internet arrived, I joined listservs and bulletin boards to share information about family history. Distant cousins exchanged disks and electronic files. Then membership sites arrived like Ancestry. Currently, family historians can save their family trees and documents in paid membership sites or share that information where the public can access it without the barrier of cost. Find a Grave, FamilySearch, and WikiTree are three examples. All three offer free membership and two (Find a Grave and WikiTree) can be seen by anyone without a membership. The benefits of sharing in publicly accessible places became clear when I received the following message:
Screenshot of an email
What? A family Bible mentioning my ancestors, who were born in the 1700s? Who was James Barnett? Was this really about my family?
Thankfully the seller on ebay had taken photos of the Bible pages with genealogical information and it was enough to reveal that this Bible contained information about my ancestors, John Barnett and Lucy (Matlock) Barnett. It almost certainly belonged to the descendants of their son, James Barnett. Some of the information about my direct ancestors was recorded after the fact but there were children listed that I had not known about, and James Barnett’s descendants were new to me and likely recorded closer to the times of the events. With the help of a friend (an experienced ebay buyer and seller), I purchased the Bible below the posted price. It is now waiting for me at my friend’s home. She has taken better pictures of it, such as the marriage page below.
Barnett Family Bible, portion of the Marriages page
My 5x-great grandfather, John Barnett on Find a Grave
Whenever I complete a WikiTree profile of an ancestor, like John Barnett, I add a sunflower and a link to the WikiTree profile to the Flowers page at Find a Grave. I mention my relationship to the person on the memorial to help cousins find me and to give them the opportunity to find more information about our shared ancestor through the WikiTree link. Without this simple sunflower post, I would not have been contacted about the Barnett Bible.
That brings us to the first opportunity to make you and your family visible: Find a Grave. anyone can look at Find a Grave, and you need a membership to contribute. Membership is free and you can be visible by adding flowers and links like I do. You can also be helpful by connecting family members to each other, suggesting edits, and contributing photos. Note: Find a Grave was purchased by Ancestry in 2013.
In addition to Find a Grave, I’ve also made myself visible on FamilySearch and WikiTree.
On FamilySearch, you can make yourself visible by adding sources (number 1 in image below), posting notes or discussions in the collaborate tab, or sharing memories (3).
John Barnett on FamilySearch
FamilySearch users can be messaged by clicking on their user name, and it may be worthwhile to click on people who have been editing members of your family. They could be volunteers or they could be cousins.
Under collaborate, you can choose to write a note to other researchers or have a discussion about a topic as shown below.
Family Search Collaborate tab
The person who posted the Note above seemed pretty frustrated, so I chose to message them about the Barnett family Bible as an additional source.
The message system at FamilySearch
I also decided to add a PDF of the transcribed Barnett Family Bible to the Memories tab. I will add photographs once I have a chance to take them myself.
John Barnett with the Bible Transcription added as a PDF to the Memories Tab
Now that I’ve done several things to help people find me, I can now search for cousins who descend from John Barnett. Navigate to the “View Tree” tab for any ancestor.
Navigation to the Tree Tab at FamilySearch
In the tree tab you can choose how to view the tree. The descendants view incorporates down arrows to open additional detail, eventually bringing you to living descendants who have memberships at FamilySearch. Instead of having you scroll down an incredibly long page, I’ve put three images side-by-side here to show the path to me. (Usually I would be looking for other descendants, but you get the idea!)
Descendant view on FamilySearch from John Barnett to me
The third option, and my favourite way to be findable or to find people is through WikiTree. In order for these options to work, you need to sign up for WikiTree and connect yourself to the tree. There are three main ways people may find you (or you can find people) on WikiTree: Using the descendants tab, managing ancestor profiles, and DNA Connections. I’ve numbered them in the image below. (In all of the images below, purple hypertext indicates I’ve clicked on a link in the past.) This is the WikiTree profile for John Barnett .
WikiTree profile of John Barnett
The descendants tab adds a descendant view to the profile, and you can find more recent generations using the blue arrow next to a named descendant, almost identical to the descendant view on FamilySearch. I’ve scrolled down a bit to find my branch of the family. Lucy F. (Walker) Key is my 2x great-grandmother and the great-granddaughter of John Barnett. The blue arrow icon next to my grandfather, Lindell Scott Johnson, indicates there are descendants below him. (This arrow will be a dark pink for a female ancestor.) You can also see a green DNA checkmark, indicating there is a DNA tester in this line who has confirmed this relationship. Handy information for your research!
More descendants of John Barnett in the descendant diagram, down to my grandfather, Lindell Scott Johnson
Clicking on the blue arrow icon opens the descendants tab on Lindell’s profile. You will see the green DNA checkmark next to my mother and me.
The descendancy diagram ending with me
The second way people may find you is if you manage a profile. You can click on the connections icon next to the name of the profile manager to see their connection. I’m using the profile of Lindell’s mother, Lillie May (Key) Johnson, for this example.
Profile manager Connections icon
The image that comes up shows the connections with green boxes indicating a biological connection. If I weren’t a direct descendant, the boxes would switch to yellow indicating a connection through marriage.
Connection of the profile manager to the person being profiled on WikiTree
The third way to make sure you are found on WikiTree is to notify WikiTree that you have done DNA testing so that you will show up in the DNA Connections box on a profile. WikiTree is not a DNA website and the only DNA information available is shared by WikiTree genealogists voluntarily.
Many descendants of John Barnett have taken DNA tests and shared information on WikiTree. The DNA Connections box is arranged with those who inherited the most DNA from John Barnett at the top. The first person on the list is my mother.
DNA Connections for John Barnett.
If you are finding cousins, you can click on any name and you will be taken to their profile where you can message them with one click. They will receive an email with your message. If you want to be on this list, you need to let WikiTree know that you have done DNA testing. To do that, go to your profile page and click on the Add Menu at the top.
Use the Add menu to Add DNA test information to your WikiTree profile
That opens your DNA Tests page where you can either edit or remove existing tests or add new tests. Click on “Add New Test.”
DNA Tests Menu at WikiTree
After you click on the button you will fill out the boxes to add your test. There are templates for Ancestry, 23andMe, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage and GEDmatch. Include as much information as you want in the boxes.
Add information for each DNA test you’ve completed
After you’ve clicked the “Add Test” button, your test will be added to your ancestors profiles. It may take a day for it to populate throughout the tree. After your DNA has been added, anyone looking at your ancestor on WikiTree will see your name associated with that ancestor up to 6x great-grandparents for autosomal DNA. YDNA and mtDNA will be populated to all of your direct paternal or maternal ancestors that are associated with that test.
I hope this review of three ways to be findable and find cousins on publicly available websites has been useful to you. And I also hope you were doing the genealogy happy dance with me when the Bible came my way! I wish for you the same good fortune through being “out there in public” with your research.
Over the past year, a team of paid consultants and volunteer developers at WikiTree created an updated look for WikiTree. WikiTree, the free, one-world tree, is the place I share my best genealogical research. Check out my profile to see how active I am on WikiTree. I joined in 2017 and since then I have edited hundreds of profiles, created Free Space Pages, and I manage over 350 profiles. I’ve used the old system and the new one to edit and create profiles and Free Space Pages. I’m very familiar with WikiTree, including its strengths and shortcomings.
WikiTree is a publicly available website and far more likely to outlast me than any other place my research resides. WikiTree is not known for flash. After all, without income from memberships (WikiTree is financed by unobtrusive ads that are only shown to non-members or members who are not logged in), WikiTree lacks the budget power of Ancestry, MyHeritage, or software companies. They have done an amazing job with the redesign.
Let’s take a look at some of the updates on the profile of Arthur Hilton. I’m his two-times-great grand-niece. He died young, and he’s one of the people I honour at WikiTree.
Side-by-side comparison of old and new
The overall look is cleaner and better organized. The huge grey border (a total waste of space) is gone and there’s a better balance between the two columns. The larger font is easier to read and the use of colour makes sense. See that blue box? It’s a visual cue that I’m looking at the profile of a biological male. The hypertext is green and links you have clicked are purple.
Wiki ID and menus
The area for the WikiTree ID and dropdown menus has been streamlined and cleaned up. The menus are more visible with the larger font and the menus themselves contain less clutter. (The menus are not shown here! Click on one and check them out!)
Copyable text options
The visibility of useful copyable text options is perfect! In the old version, they were almost invisible in tiny green font. They are now clearly marked with a new copy icon, familiar from other websites. I use these links when sharing profiles in emails, adding links within profiles, and in my research logs. And if you like to cite WikiTree, you can do that here with one click.
Menu placement and improved icons
Like all good websites, there’s usually more than one way to navigate. This menu in grey background is a redesigned tab menu. It uses icons and text to move commonly used features and actions together. The more experienced WikiTree user wants to access profiles and features quickly without scrolling, and here they are. I’m referring to this as the “Quick Menu.” Well done, design team! I love the simple navigation arrows and ability to jump to the part of the profile I want to see, (including the ancestors and descendants tabs), the “edit” pencil, the profile change history icon, familiar privacy icon (padlock), and the new Tree apps icon.
Key details and relationships
Information that was small and difficult to parse is now separated with better placement in the profile. Key details (birth and death with locations and certainty indicators) now appears immediately below the larger, improved name block. Relationship information is in the shaded block, blue for Arthur, a biological male.
Finding the profile manager is also easier.
The new profile manager section
The profile manager formerly appeared in small font in the crowded area on the left. It now has its own shaded block on the right. In addition to allowing an instant email to the profile manager, there is now a redesigned “connections” icon which allows you to see how the profile manager is connected to the profile. In the past, I needed to go to another part of WikiTree to see this information. Now when I contact a profile manager, I may gain insight of their motivation to create or manage the profile.
The next improvement may be lost on many WikiTreer users.
Better placement of Ancestors and Problems/Questions buttons
As part of the Ambassador team at WikiTree and someone who is often demonstrating WikiTree, I appreciate that the Ancestors Button and Problems/Questions buttons are no longer in a similar position with the same design. Note: There would be a descendants button on the “old” version if Arthur had descendants. The new design allows the user to access ancestors or descendants using the icon in the grey Quick Menu bar or using the clearly visible tab.
New Ancestor View
Either option opens a family tree for Arthur, also with an improved look and feel. It features separated colour blocks, cleaner font and icons, and arrows to navigate further back in the tree. The Descendants view has similar improvements.
Back on the profile page, it’s time to look at the treatment of DNA in the new profile.
DNA Connections
DNA Connections can now be accessed via the Quick Menu in grey and is found in a familiar location along the right, now below a redesigned photo section. Again, the text block is cleaner, easier to read, and only contains the information it needs to contain.
Images are now Photos
The old images block sometimes made a simple profile like Arthur’s lopsided, with the photos dominating the right side. A new photo block allows you to toggle through the uploaded images using a navigation arrow to the side of each photo. You can also navigate quickly to the “Upload Photos” page, which has also received an update and is cleaner and easier to use. Again, kudos to the Design Team and programmers. They went over this website with a fine-toothed comb!
Collaboration stands out
In the past, the use of yellow background wasn’t clear to me. Now yellow highlights collaboration and ongoing research. The collaboration language is friendly and clear. The research block encourages people to check out the incredibly useful WikiTree Sourcer Extension (which works great with the new updates.)
Comments, Matches and Merges, and useful Connection and Relationship Information
Scrolling down, you can see how the new design makes better use of space – there is not a huge empty block to the left. In profiles with a longer biography, there will be blank space to the smaller right side of the page. The Comments and Match and Merge sections have gotten the cleaner, pithier treatment, and thankfully, the text with “See your connection or your genealogical relationship with Arthur” is now separated from the Featured Connections text.
Even the footer is now easier to read and more pleasing to the eye.
I know this is a tiny glimpse of all that was accomplished with this redesign, and there’s much more I haven’t noticed yet. I look forward to finding the features I’ve missed, and new features that may replace what I’ve shown here.
Well done, WikiTree!
And if you’re new to WikiTree, welcome! Check out the Help links on WikiTree and useful information at the WikiTree YouTube channel.
Reparative genealogy seeks to uncover and reconnect stories, people, and histories that were disrupted or erased. Lottie Lieb Dula and Briayna Cuffie, founders of Reparations4Slavery, define reparative genealogy as “the act of researching our heritage, acknowledging our connections to slavery, and daylighting the history of those our ancestors enslaved.”
Imagine discovering a photograph of a long-lost ancestor, reading their name for the first time, or learning about their resilience in the face of unimaginable hardship. These are some of the potential benefits of reparative genealogy. African Americans often face genealogical roadblocks such as incomplete records, name changes, and erased identities. The gaps in these narratives are not just personal but systemic, reflecting a deliberate history of exclusion and dehumanization. Overcoming those gaps can provide benefits. Lakisha David has described the potential of genetic genealogy to build community and improve well-being in African American individuals and communities. Reparative genealogy isn’t just about the past; it’s about the present—giving voice to those who came before and creating a foundation of knowledge for future generations.
Reparative genealogy is about more than restoring a family tree; it’s about the descendants of enslavers acknowledging harm and making amends through research, documentation, and storytelling. By uncovering forgotten or hidden histories, descendants of both the enslaved and enslavers can address the gaps left by historical injustices.
In 2021, Danette Ross, the founder of a non-profit and trained mediator, decided to learn more about her family history. We worked together using documentary evidence and DNA to explore her origins. She was curious about which African countries her family descended from. She also wanted to learn about her family’s experience during Reconstruction. Danette knew that most of her ancestors had likely been enslaved, and some could be enslavers.
Danette’s 18 Ancestral Regions based on DNA results
Danette’s Ancestral Regions confirmed her prediction, showing both African and European ancestry with possibly a small proportion from Southeast Asia.
In answer her second question, an 1866 letter written by an official in the Freedmen’s Bureau office in Winchester, Virginia provided a glimpse of the Reconstruction experience of one ancestor. Danette’s 3x great-grandfather, Adam Bullett, traveled to Winchester and asked the official to write a letter on behalf of his wife and step-sons. They were owed wages because they had been illegally hired out by Mrs. Mary Morgan to two different men. This letter highlights the challenges that newly freed people faced in gaining control over their work and income.
Excerpt of a Freedmen’s Bureau Letter 19 December 1866, Winchester, Virginia, FamilySearch.
Here are some practical steps to get started with reparative genealogy, starting with personally held information and expanding to public resources:
Family oral histories
Old photographs
Historical family documents that may acknowledge enslaved people
Census data, particularly the census records from 1790-1840 and slave schedules from 1850 and 1860 (example below)
Freedmen’s Bureau records
Deeds, Wills, and Bills of Sale
DNA testing
Excerpt of 1860 Slave Schedule showing my ancestor, Thomas Walker in Benton County, Tennessee. FamilySearch
Collaboration between the descendants of the enslaved and enslavers supports builds a better understanding of the past and can inspire actions of repair. Linked Descendants is a working group of Coming to the Table, an organization dedicated to “working together to create a just and truthful society that acknowledges and seeks to heal from the racial wounds of the past.” The process of building these bridges can be as meaningful as the discoveries themselves. Some of these stories are told in Bittersweet, the blog by authors who are linked through slavery.
Another notable effort in reparative genealogy is the U.S. Black Heritage Project at WikiTree. WikiTree allows creation of profiles of those who were enslaved, including people whose names are not currently known. You can read more about it in this blog post I contributed to the Family Locket blog. Volunteers are currently creating profiles for every African American enumerated in 1880, the first census which noted relationships within households. Ten Million Names is an effort of the New England Historical and Genealogical Society to recover, restore, and remember those whose lives were hidden in the system of chattel slavery. You will find free education, access to records, and more on the website. There are many more resources in African American genealogy, and a good place to start is at the FamilySearch Wiki.
Reparative genealogy offers a way to acknowledge the past while shaping the future. It reminds us that the work of repair is ongoing and every piece of history we uncover is a step towards a better future. If you are a descendant of an enslaver, consider how you can contribute to reparative genealogy.
Use of AI in this blog: I asked ChatGPT 4.0, as an expert genealogist and educator, to provide three outlines for a blog on the topic of reparative genealogy. As part of my prompt, I told Chat GPT that I would provide a case study. After reviewing the three outlines, I chose one and asked ChatGPT to write a draft. I reviewed the draft, edited it, and added definitions and links. I added the case study which I asked ChatGPT to review for excess wordiness or errors in tenses. There were no changes made to the case study. I then reviewed the draft, added the images and published it.
